In the era of LLMs, artificial intelligence technology permeates various fields, promotes industrial upgrading, and also puts forward the need for reform and innovation in practical teaching of computer courses in vocational colleges. In response to the problems of vague goals, scattered paths, and disconnection from job positions in the current integration of AI into teaching, this article uses literature research, investigation, and case analysis methods to sort out the current situation, construct a three-level goal practice teaching optimization path of "cognition-application-innovation", and clarify its connotation, characteristics, and practical methods. The results show that this path can enhance students' AI application ability and innovative thinking. The excellent rate of computer practice course assessment in pilot classes has significantly improved, and the number of awards in AI skill competitions has significantly increased. The conclusion indicates that this path can accurately meet the talent training needs in the era of large models, provide an implementation framework for improving teaching quality, and enrich the research results of the integration of AI and vocational education.